Why is coal seam gas mining bad?
Coal seam gas extraction can affect water in a number of ways: it could contaminate underground water if there’s a leak that enters a water source; affected water could travel between underground water sources; loss of pressure could cause fluid to move between connected underground sources; or it could contaminate the …
Is coal seam gas clean?
Coal Seam Gas (CSG) is not a ‘clean transition’ fuel because of the potential for substantial fugitive methane emissions associated with extraction and distribution. CSG may prove to be more damaging to the climate than coal.
How much carbon dioxide does a cigarette produce?
Totaling the additive ingredients of a cigarette, we have 0.44 g CO2e for the added carbon and an extremely conservative 0.18 g CO2e for all the other compounds. Adding that to the 0.6 g for the manufacturing and we have 1.22 g CO2e per cigarette.
What can tobacco and other pollutants do?
Cigarette smoking causes environmental pollution by releasing toxic air pollutants into the atmosphere. The cigarette butts also litter the environment, and the toxic chemicals in the residues seep into soils and waterways, thereby causing soil and water pollution, respectively.
Is coal seam gas safe?
COAL seam gas mining is undergoing rapid and unprecedented expansion in NSW and Queensland – before the public health risks have been fully assessed. Industry and state governments have frequently reassured the public there are no dangers from such mining, but have not done adequate assessments.
How is coal seam gas formed?
Gases in coal seams are formed during the long geological process of coal formation (coalification) when organic matter is converted into coal. The gas accumulates underground, held within the cleats (natural fractures) and pores of the coal itself. Not all coal seams contain useful quantities of methane.
What is the leading cause of death from smoking tobacco?
Death from Specific Diseases
| Disease | Male | Total |
|---|---|---|
| Lung cancer | 4,374 | 7,333 |
| Coronary heart disease | 19,152 | 33,951 |
| Total: Secondhand smoke | 23,526 | 41,284 |
| TOTAL Attributable Deaths | 278,544 | 480,317 |
What gas is released from cigarette smoke?
Carbon monoxide is a colourless and odourless gas that is released when tobacco is burned. It is the reason why a lot of smokers gasp for their breath after only light exercise. Carbon monoxide reduces the ability of red blood cells to transfer oxygen to vital organs such as the heart, brain, and muscles.
How does tobacco pollute the air?
Environmental tobacco smoke produces fine particulate matter, which is the most dangerous element of air pollution for health. The diesel engine exhaust doubled the particulate matter levels found outdoors at its peak; the environmental tobacco smoke particulate matter reached levels 15 times those measured outdoors.
What are the harmful chemicals of a cigarette?
Some of the chemicals found in tobacco smoke include:
- Nicotine (the addictive drug that produces the effects in the brain that people are looking for)
- Hydrogen cyanide.
- Formaldehyde.
- Lead.
- Arsenic.
- Ammonia.
- Radioactive elements, such as polonium-210 (see below)
- Benzene.
How do you extract gas from a coal seam?
Coal seam gas is extracted by drilling a well vertically through rock strata until reaching the coal seam, at which point the well may also be drilled out horizontally to increase access to the methane gas. Coal seams contain both water and gas.
How is CSG extracted from coal?
CSG is entirely adsorbed into the coal matrix. Movement of CSG to the surface through gas wells normally requires extraction of formation water from the coal cleats and fractures. This reduces the pressure, allowing methane to be released from the coal matrix.
Can BTEX be used in coal seam gas drilling?
The use of BTEX by coal seam gas operators has been banned in both NSW and QLD. However, the process of hydraulic fracturing can release naturally occurring BTEX so it remains a risk factor during coal seam gas operations even when regulation is in place to ban gas companies using it as an additive during drilling.
What happens to coal seam waste water?
This waste water is generally salty and can contain toxic and radioactive compounds and heavy metals. Once the water has been extracted from the coal seam it is stored in tanks or holding ponds at coal seam gas sites before being trucked or piped to treatment facilities.