What causes high vasoactive intestinal polypeptide?
Why the Test is Performed A very high level is usually caused by a VIPoma . This is an extremely rare tumor that releases VIP. VIP is a substance found in cells throughout the body. The highest levels are normally found in cells in the nervous system and gut.
What does high vasoactive intestinal peptide mean?
Values above 75 pg/mL may indicate the presence of an enteropancreatic tumor causing hypersecretion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Values above 200 pg/mL are strongly suggestive of VIP-producing tumors (VIPoma).
How is VIPoma diagnosed?
Tests used to diagnose a VIPoma may include blood tests (including VIP level), imaging studies such as a CT scan or MRI , and examination of a stool sample. Unfortunately, even though these tumors are slow-growing, the majority of VIPomas are metastatic (have spread to other parts of the body) at the time of diagnosis.
Does VIP cause diarrhea?
A VIPoma is a neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) secreting VIP, causing severe watery secretory diarrhea, which can result in hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis.
Why does Vipoma have Achlorhydria?
Hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria is typically due to the inhibitory effect on parietal cells of gastric mucosa, resulting in reduced gastric acid production (16). This usually leads to the malabsorption of essential electrolytes and vitamins.
How does vasoactive intestinal peptide cause diarrhea?
It leads to secretory diarrhea, water and weight loss by preventing sodium, chlorine and water absorption in the intestines. It leads to hypokalemia by inducing potassium secretion in the intestines. It may cause to hypochlorhydria with inhibition of gastric acid secretion (4, 5).
What is secretory diarrhea?
Secretory diarrhea occurs when your body secretes electrolytes into your intestine. This causes water to build up. It can be caused a number of factors, including: bacterial infection such as salmonella and E.
How do you increase vasoactive intestinal polypeptide?
We have previously shown that plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is increased in normal subjects by low-frequency transcutaneous nerve stimulation. The latter may also increase short-term physical performance in athletes (running, swimming and ergometer cycling).
Which disease is known as VIP disease?
Frontiers | VIP in HIV Diarrhea: Finding Links for the “Slim Disease” | Physiology.