What is Propanil used for?
Propanil is an anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of propanoic acid with the amino group of 3,4-dichloroaniline. It is a herbicide used for the treatment of numerous grasses and broad-leaved weeds in rice, potatoes, and wheat. It has a role as a herbicide.
Which is an example of chronic physical toxicity?
Harmful effects caused in repeated exposure situations are sometimes called chronic toxicity effects. The following are some examples of chronic toxicity: Inhalation of certain acid vapours at concentrations may, over long periods of time, cause loss of tooth enamel, eventually leading to extensive tooth decay.
What is chronic toxicity in pharmacology?
Chronic toxicity is defined as adverse effects occurring after the repeated or continuous administration of a test sample for a major part of the life span.
What is Propanil herbicide?
Propanil is a widely used contact herbicide. With an estimated use of about 8 million pounds in 2001, it is one of the more widely used herbicides in the United States. Propanil is said to be in use in approximately 400,000 acres of rice production each year.
How do you use Propanil?
Apply Propanil 4SC Herbicide at the rate of 4 to 6 quarts (4 to 6 lbs. active ingredient) per acre to actively growing grasses in the 4- to 6-leaf and early tillering stage, or when they are in the 2- to 4-leaf stage but stressed under dry soil conditions. Generally, this will be 20 to 30 days after planting.
What is acute toxicity test?
Acute toxicity testing requires test materials to be given to animals for a finite but short period of time, usually as a single exposure. A test material can be administered by various routes to determine its ability to induce toxicity, including oral, dermal, and inhalation exposures.
What is difference between acute and chronic toxicity?
An example of acute toxicity relates to the over consumption of alcohol and “hangovers”. Chronic toxicity is generally thought of as frequent exposures where effects may be delayed (even for years) and are generally irreversible.
What are the chronic toxicity studies?
The chronic toxicity study provides information on the possible health hazards likely to arise from repeated exposure over a considerable part of the lifespan of the species used. The study will provide information on the toxic effects of the substance, indicate target organs and the possibility of accumulation.
What are the four major types of toxic substances?
Types. There are generally five types of toxic entities; chemical, biological, physical, radiation and behavioural toxicity: Disease-causing microorganisms and parasites are toxic in a broad sense but are generally called pathogens rather than toxicants.