Why does diabetes cause microvascular complications?
High glucose levels increase the flux of sugar molecules through the polyol pathway, which causes sorbitol accumulation in cells. Osmotic stress from sorbitol accumulation has been postulated as an underlying mechanism in the development of diabetic microvascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy.
What are the primary macrovascular complications of diabetes?
Results: Macrovascular complications of T2DM include coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias and sudden death, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease. Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death in diabetic patients.
How does diabetes cause damage to blood vessels?
Excess blood sugar decreases the elasticity of blood vessels and causes them to narrow, impeding blood flow. This can lead to a reduced supply of blood and oxygen, increasing the risk of high blood pressure and damage to large and small blood vessels.
What is the pathophysiology of each type of diabetes?
The pathophysiology of diabetes is related to the levels of insulin within the body, and the body’s ability to utilize insulin. There is a total lack of insulin in type 1 diabetes, while in type 2 diabetes, the peripheral tissues resist the effects of insulin.
Which of the following is an example of a macrovascular complication from diabetes?
Macrovascular diabetes complications include heart disease, stroke , and peripheral arterial disease .
What is macrovascular and microvascular disease?
Diabetic microvascular (involving small vessels, such as capillaries) and macrovascular (involving large vessels, such as arteries and veins) complications have similar etiologic characteristics.
What are some complications of diabetes?
Complications
- Cardiovascular disease.
- Nerve damage (neuropathy).
- Kidney damage (nephropathy).
- Eye damage (retinopathy).
- Foot damage.
- Skin conditions.
- Hearing impairment.
- Alzheimer’s disease.
What is the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy?
The pathophysiology of diabetic peripheral neuropathy is multifactorial and is thought to result from vascular disease occluding the vasa nervorum; endothelial dysfunction; deficiency of myoinositol-altering myelin synthesis and diminishing sodium-potassium adenine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity; chronic …
How does diabetes affect the physiology of the body?
Over time, high blood glucose levels can damage the body’s organs. Possible long-term effects include damage to large (macrovascular) and small (microvascular) blood vessels, which can lead to heart attack, stroke, and problems with the kidneys, eyes, gums, feet and nerves.
How can you prevent microvascular complications from diabetes?
Diabetic microvascular complications can be controlled with tight glycemic therapy, dyslipidemia management and blood pressure control along with renal function monitoring, lifestyle changes, including smoking cessation and low-protein diet.
Which microvascular complication of diabetes can best be prevented in its progression by tight blood pressure control?
Tight control of blood glucose and blood pressure reduces the risk of progression of background diabetic retinopathy to sight threatening disease and the progression of neuropathy.