What is HLB disease?
Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is the most serious disease of citrus. The disease is spread by the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) (ACP), which has been present in Florida since 1998. ACP transmits the bacteria to the tree when feeding on new shoots.
Is HLB harmful to humans?
The Asian citrus psyllid feeds on citrus leaves and stems, and can infect citrus trees with a bacteria that causes a serious plant disease called Huanglongbing, also known as HLB or citrus greening disease. While not harmful to humans, the disease kills citrus trees and has no cure.
Is HLB a virus?
The Situation: Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), previously called citrus greening disease, is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus worldwide. Originally thought to be caused by a virus, it is now known to be caused by unculturable phloem-limited bacteria.
What causes greening disease?
Citrus greening is spread by a disease-infected insect, the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama or ACP), and has put the future of America’s citrus at risk. Infected trees produce fruits that are green, misshapen and bitter, unsuitable for sale as fresh fruit or for juice.
What are the symptoms of citrus greening disease?
Signs and Symptoms
- Visible psyllids or waxy psyllid droppings.
- Lopsided, bitter, hard fruit with small, dark aborted seeds.
- Fruit that remains green even when ripe.
- Asymmetrical blotchy mottling of leaves.
- Yellow shoots.
- Twig dieback.
- Stunted, sparsely foliated trees that may bloom off season.
Is there a cure for HLB?
Managing an Incurable Problem For now, there is no cure for HLB, and no resistant citrus varieties are available. Management is difficult, but certain strategies can slow the spread of the disease. These include planting disease-free nursery stock, removing infected trees, managing psyllids and promoting root health.
What is the HLB value of Tween 80?
15
Tween 80 has an HLB value of 15, within the range of HLB 8–18 for oil-in-water (O/W) emulsifiers.
What are tweens and spans?
The nonionic surfactant sorbitan fatty acid esters (Spans) and the polyoxyethylene (POE) sorbitan fatty acid esters (Tweens) have many potential pharmaceutical applications. Surfactants stabilize emulsions by reduction of interfacial tension and formation of electrical or mechanical barriers.
What are the signs and symptoms of lung problems?
1. Difficulty breathing An obvious and clear sign pointing to a lung problem. It is characterized by shortness of breath which leads to the need to breathe through the mouth, and when doing so wheezing may occur. This symptom is characteristic of conditions such as asthma, bronchitis or emphysema. 2. Coughing
What are the symptoms of pulmonary embolism?
This is one of the most common symptoms of lung diseases such as bronchitis or pulmonary embolism. Pain may be generalised in the chest area or, in the case of stroke, more focused on the sternum or one of its sides, causing possible symptoms such as a burning sensation. Discomfort worsens with coughing, eating, breathing deeply or bending down.
Are there other syndromes associated with lung cancer?
Sometimes these syndromes may be the first symptoms of lung cancer. Because the symptoms affect other organs, a disease other than lung cancer may first be suspected as causing them. Paraneoplastic syndromes can happen with any lung cancer but are more often associated with SCLC. Some common syndromes include:
Should I talk to my doctor about my lung cancer symptoms?
If you go to your doctor when you first notice symptoms, your cancer might be diagnosed at an earlier stage, when treatment is more likely to be effective. Most of these symptoms are more likely to be caused by something other than lung cancer.