What is methane steam reforming?
Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a process in which methane from natural gas is heated, with steam, usually with a catalyst, to produce a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen used in organic synthesis and as a fuel 1. In energy, SMR is the most widely used process for the generation of hydrogen 2.
What catalyst is used in SMR?
nickel-
Therefore, nickel-based catalysts are the most studied and commonly used SMR catalysts at industrial scale mostly owing to their low cost.
How efficient is SMR?
Steam methane reforming (SMR) has high hydrogen yield efficiency (∼74%) and is estimated to produce hydrogen at a cost of around $1.8kg−1 (US DoE, 2015a).
What type of reactor is used in the primary steam reforming process?
The primary reformer is modeled in ASPEN as an RGibbs reactor with RK Soave equations of state. An operating temperature of 800 C and an operating pressure of 35.29 bar are found to yield the optimum process based on an analysis of sensitivity runs and industry standards.
How efficient is steam methane reforming?
The efficiency of the steam reforming process is about 65% to 75%, among the highest of current commercially available production methods. Natural gas is a convenient, easy to handle, hydrogen feedstock with a high hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. It is also widely available from sources in the U.S. and Canada.
When was steam methane reforming invented?
First attempts to produce hydrogen from the reaction between steam and hydrocarbons were made in the early 20th century [1] . The process was put in industrial use in 1930, although primary catalyst patents date back to 1913. …
What is steam reforming reaction?
Steam reforming is the most widespread process for the generation of hydrogen-rich synthesis gas from light carbohydrates. The feed materials natural gas, liquid gas or naphtha are endothermically converted with water steam into synthesis gas in catalytic tube reactors.
What is the steam reforming process?
How does a methane reformer work?
A methane reformer is a device based on steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation and is a type of chemical synthesis which can produce pure hydrogen gas from methane using a catalyst. Most methods work by exposing methane to a catalyst (usually nickel) at high temperature and pressure.
What are the different types of steam reforming methods?
Contents
- Reactions. 1.1 Pre-reforming. 1.2 Steam reforming.
- Industrial practice.
- Autothermal reforming.
- Partial oxidation.
- Steam reforming at small scale.
How efficient is steam-methane reforming?
When was steam-methane reforming invented?
What is mechanical methane steam reforming?
Methane steam reforming is a well-established process as shown in Fig. 1. Steam and hydrocarbon enter the reactor as feedstock, and hydrogen and carbon dioxide are generated at the end of the process. The process is governed by the reactions
What are the products of steam reforming?
Steam reforming is an exothermic reaction that is carried out by passing a preheated mixture comprising methane (sometimes substituted by natural gas having high methane content) and steam through catalyst filled tubes. The products of the process are a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide.
What is produced when methane reacts with steam?
The methane found in natural gas reacts with steam to produce a syngas consisting of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (Eq. 1). Saturating this gas with further steam yields additional hydrogen as the CO is converted to CO 2 (Eq. 2). The heat required in Eq. (1) is obtained from the heat surplus in Eq.
What are the limitations of steam reforming and water-gas shift reactions?
However, the overall reaction is limited as both the steam reforming and the water-gas shift reactions are subjected to thermodynamic equilibrium. In the recent years, research has been devoted to the use catalytic membrane reactors in overcoming the equilibrium limitation.