What is a secondary blast injury?
Secondary blast injury includes being hit by flying debris, which can cause both penetrating and direct impact trauma. Tertiary blast injury occurs when a person is physically thrown by the blast, which usually causes direct impact trauma.
What causes secondary blast injury?
Secondary blast injuries result when strong blast winds behind the pressure front propel fragments and debris against the body and cause blunt force and penetrating injuries including: Penetrating ballistic (fragmentation or blunt injuries) Eye penetration. Closed or open brain injuries.
What are the 4 types of blast injuries?
The four basic mechanisms of blast injury are termed as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary (Table 1).
What are the differences between primary secondary and tertiary blast injuries?
Primary blast injuries are due to the effects of an overpressure wave and are most severe with high-order explosives. Secondary blast injuries are due to flying debris and are the most common blast injuries. Tertiary blast injuries are due to falling or being thrown back from the force of the blast.
What are the two types of high explosives?
There are two major categories, high explosives and low explosives. High explosives are further divided into initiating, or primary, high explosives and secondary high explosives.
What organs are most susceptible to blast injuries?
The lungs, bowel, and middle ear are most susceptible to primary blast injuries (PBIs). Pulmonary barotrauma, the most common fatal PBI, may include the following: Pulmonary contusion. Systemic air embolism, which most commonly occludes blood vessels in the brain or spinal cord.
What causes a blast injury?
Injury is caused both by direct blast overpressure (primary blast injury) and by a variety of associated factors. Enclosed-space explosions, including those occurring in buses, and in-water explosions produce more primary blast injury. Blasts in ultra-confined spaces such as buses have the highest associated mortality.
What is the difference between primary and secondary explosives?
Primary explosives detonate by ignition from some source such as flame, spark, impact, or other means that will produce heat of sufficient magnitude. Secondary explosives require a detonator and, in some cases, a supplementary booster.
Which type of explosive is classified into two groups primary and secondary?
Types of chemical explosives Under certain conditions, such as the use of large quantities and a high degree of confinement, some normally deflagrating explosives can be caused to detonate. Detonating explosives are usually subdivided into two categories, primary and secondary.
What are the main effects of explosions?
Explosion effects generally include those of overpressure, thermal effects, energized projectiles (fragments, debris, and missiles), ground shock, and cratering.
What are the 3 types of explosion?
There are three fundamental types: mechanical, nuclear, and chemical. A mechanical explosive is one that depends on a physical reaction, such as overloading a container with compressed air.
What are the four basic mechanisms of blast injury?
The four basic mechanisms of blast injury are termed as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary (Table 1). “Blast Wave” (primary) refers to the intense over-pressurization impulse created by a detonated HE.
What causes chemical burn injuries?
Chemical burns are most commonly caused by exposure to acids or bases in the home, workplace, or at school—they can occur in any place where caustic and corrosive materials are handled.
How do you diagnose a chemical burn?
Diagnosis. After a physical exam and interview, the chemical burn will be categorized as: A first-degree or superficial burn: These types of burns affect only the epidermis, or the outer layer of the skin. Minor discoloration of the skin is a common symptom of a first-degree burn.
What are the signs and symptoms of blast-related abdominal injuries?
• Clinical signs of blast-related abdominal injuries can be initially silent until signs of acute abdomen or sepsis are advanced. • Standard penetrating and blunt trauma to any body surface is the most common injury seen among survivors. Primary blast lung and blast abdomen are associated with a high mortality rate.