Is the heart a dipole?
The cardiac dipole is a vector which has both a direction (from the most negative to most positive regions of the heart) as well as an amplitude (voltage). Several electrodes are placed on the body to “look” at the cardiac dipole from different points of view.
What electrical events produce the dipole heart?
this dipole moment is produced by the flow of depolarization current through the heart tissue as it is activated.
What is the physics behind an EKG?
The pattern of electrical excitation spreads coordinately over the structure of the heart. This results in a measurable change in potential across the surface of the body of a subject. The recording of the resultant signal from specific body points is known as an electrocardiogram (ECG).
What are electrodes used for ECG?
Electrodes (small, plastic patches that stick to the skin) are placed at certain spots on the chest, arms, and legs. The electrodes are connected to an ECG machine by lead wires. The electrical activity of the heart is then measured, interpreted, and printed out. No electricity is sent into the body.
What dipole is called the equivalent dipole of the heart?
heart is represented as a single dipole. generator (the “equivalent dipole”), and the. thorax is treated as having uniform conductiv- ityYl-3 This highly simplified model, although. useful, is only the first step in understanding.
Why is T wave smaller than QRS?
The T wave is longer in duration than the QRS complex that represents depolarization. The longer duration occurs because conduction of the repolarization wave is slower than the wave of depolarization.
How does electrical activity arise in the heart and what pathway does it follow?
The electrical impulse travels from the sinus node to the atrioventricular node (also called AV node). There, impulses are slowed down for a very short period, then continue down the conduction pathway via the bundle of His into the ventricles. Each contraction of the ventricles represents one heartbeat.
Where do electrodes go on ECG?
To properly record a 12-lead ECG, it is important to have the patient lying comfortably with the wrist close to but not touching the trunk. The limb electrodes should be placed on the right and left wrists and the right and left ankle.
What are the two types of electrodes?
Types and Examples of Electrodes There are mainly two types of electrodes namely reactive and inert electrodes. An inert type does not participate in any reaction while reactive types participate actively in reactions.
What is the dipole theory?
A dipole is formally defined as two equal point source charges (or in elec- trolytes, unit current sources) separated by an infinitesimal distance. The iso- potential lines which define the field produced by such a system can be plotted (See Figure 1.1. Thus the elegant simplicity of dipole modeling is often lost.
What is the direction of the dipole of the heart?
The direction and magnitude of the overall dipole of the heart at any instant (represented by the arrow in Fig. 5, for example) is also known as the heart’s “electrical axis,” which is a vector originating in the center of Einthoven’s triangle such that the direction of the dipole is typically assessed in degrees.
What is the Electric Universe theory of gravity?
The Electric Universe (EU) theory postulates that gravity is just another manifestation of electromagnetism, albeit at an almost inconceivably lower force (~10-39 as strong): [1] “Gravity is due to radially oriented electrostatic dipoles inside the Earth’s protons, neutrons and electrons.
What is the cause of gravity?
“Gravity is due to radially oriented electrostatic dipoles inside the Earth’s protons, neutrons and electrons. The force between any two aligned electrostatic dipoles varies inversely as the fourth power of the distance between them and the combined force of similarly aligned electrostatic dipoles over a given surface is squared.
Is gravity just another manifestation of electromagnetism?
The Electric Universe (EU) theory postulates that gravity is just another manifestation of electromagnetism, albeit at an almost inconceivably lower force (~10-39 as strong): “Gravity is due to radially oriented electrostatic dipoles inside the Earth’s protons, neutrons and electrons.