What are the three Ottawa ankle rules?

What are the three Ottawa ankle rules?

The Ottawa ankle rules There is any pain in the malleolar zone; and, Any one of the following: Bone tenderness along the distal 6 cm of the posterior edge of the tibia or tip of the medial malleolus, OR. Bone tenderness along the distal 6 cm of the posterior edge of the fibula or tip of the lateral malleolus, OR.

What are the Ottawa ankle rules used for?

The Ottawa Ankle Rules were established to help physicians decide which patients should have an x-ray following an acute ankle injury. Evidence supports the Ottawa ankle rules as an accurate instrument for excluding fractures of the ankle and mid-foot.

How do you remember Ottawa ankle rules?

The mnemonic 44-55-66-PM helps to remember the components of the Ottawa Ankle and foot Rule.

Who invented the Ottawa ankle rules?

A later article2 encapsulated Ian Stiell’s motivation in drawing up the Ottawa Ankle Rules (OAR). The OAR project had demonstrated that more than 95% of patients with ankle injuries had radiographic examinations, but that 85% of the radiographs showed no fractures.

What are the Ottawa foot rules?

Rules out clinically significant foot and ankle fractures to reduce use of x-ray imaging. Patients ≥2 years old with ankle or midfoot pain/tenderness in the setting of trauma. The Ottawa Ankle Rule was derived to aid efficient use of radiography in acute ankle and midfoot injuries.

How accurate is the Ottawa ankle rules?

Conclusions: Evidence supports the Ottawa ankle rules as an accurate instrument for excluding fractures of the ankle and mid-foot. The instrument has a sensitivity of almost 100% and a modest specificity, and its use should reduce the number of unnecessary radiographs by 30-40%.

When were the Ottawa ankle rules developed?

developed the OAR to help physicians decide which patients had a negligible risk of fracture and therefore no need for radiography [3], [4]. Since the rules were developed in 1992, they have been widely applied in many countries, and have undergone much study and development [6]–[14], [18]–[26].