What causes Exophiala dermatitidis?
Exophiala dermatitidis, a dematiaceous fungus typically found in decaying organic matter worldwide, is a rare cause of fungal infections. Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis is a sporadic but often fatal infection of the brain caused by E. dermatitidis.
Is Exophiala dimorphic?
These are mainly characterized by their dimorphic character, being able to switch from the yeast-like to the hyphal state. In addition, the dark appearance of colonies, caused by the melanized and thick cell wall is another main characteristic of black yeasts.
What is Wangiella?
The treatment of pulmonary Wangiella dermatitidis infection with oral voriconazole. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2011 Jun;36(3):433-6. doi: 10.1111/j. 1365-2710.2010.
Where is Exophiala Dermatitidis found?
Exophiala dermatitidis (formerly Wangiella dermatitidis) is a dematiaceous fungus that is found in soil and dead plant material worldwide, and sometimes causes phaeohyphomycosis [1]. This fungus plays a significant role as a respiratory pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Can yeast black?
“Black yeasts”, sometimes also black fungi, dematiaceous fungi, microcolonial fungi or meristematic fungi is a diverse group of slow-growing microfungi which reproduce mostly asexually (fungi imperfecti). Black yeasts share some distinctive characteristics, in particular melanisation of their cell wall.
Is Cryptococcus neoformans a bacteria?
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus that lives in the environment throughout the world. People can become infected with C. neoformans after breathing in the microscopic fungus, although most people who are exposed to the fungus never get sick from it.
How is chromoblastomycosis diagnosed?
Diagnosis is confirmed by the observation of muriform cells in tissue and the isolation and the identification of the causal agent in culture. Chromoblastomycosis still is a therapeutic challenge for clinicians due to the recalcitrant nature of the disease, especially in the severe clinical forms.
What is the chromoblastomycosis?
Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The infection usually results from a traumatic injury and inoculation of microorganism from a specific group of dematiaceous fungi (usually Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora verrucosa, Cladophialophora carrionii).
Is Exophiala dermatiditis a neurotropism?
However, Exophiala displays a significant neurotropism – as do other members of the order Chaetothyriales – and E. dermatiditis commonly causes cerebral phaeohyphomycosis, almost exclusively in Asian countries ( Li et al., 2011a ).
What is the habitat of Exophiala?
Ubiquitous in the nature, Exophiala species have been primarily isolated from warm, humid environments ( Babic et al., 2018 ). The most commonly seen infections caused by Exophiala species are cutaneous and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis.
How is species identification performed in the workup of Exophiala species?
Species identification is best performed by gene sequencing of the ITS region ( Nagano et al., 2008 ), although mass spectrometry can also reliably differentiate species of Exophiala ( Borman et al., 2017 ). In cases of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis with Exophiala, surgical intervention may be curative.
Which medications are used in the treatment of Exophiala (exophialis) infection?
Posaconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole and isavuconazole all demonstrate activity against Exophiala species in in vitro assays ( Fothergill et al., 2009; Gonzalez, 2009 ).