What does the ATF3 gene do?
ATF3 functions as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. ATF3 may be upregulated by androgen, thus induces cell proliferation and G1-to-S-phase transition of the cell cycle. In addition, ATF3 SUMOylation enhanced cyclin D1 (CCND1) activation, resulting in increased cell proliferation and colony formation.
Where is ATF3 located?
the nucleus
ATF3 proteins are localized in the nucleus. ATF3 is a member of the CREB/ATF family of transcription factors and both homodimerize and heterodimerize with other members of CREB/ATF family, including C/EBPg, CHOP/DDIT3, ATF2, Jun, JunB, p21SNFT/JDP1, and Nrf2/NFE2L2.
What is ATF4 gene?
ATF4 (Activating Transcription Factor 4) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with ATF4 include Coffin-Lowry Syndrome and Leukoencephalopathy With Vanishing White Matter. Among its related pathways are CREB Pathway and ERK Signaling.
How can activating a transcription factor cause long term cellular changes?
The transcription factors are the accessory protein. The activating factor leads to activate the transcription of DNA. Due to this, the changes of genes take place. It may severely damage the cells or long-term cellular changes.
What activates ATF4?
Cellular Nutrient Utilization and Cancer ATF4 expression is stimulated in response to amino acid deprivation via General Control Nonderepressible-2 (GCN2) and during ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) via protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK).
How is ATF4 regulated?
ATF4 expression is regulated transcriptionally and translationally by the PERK pathway, which involves the phosphorylation of eIF2α, and post-translationally by phosphorylation, which targets ATF4 for proteasomal degradation [5]. Previous studies have demonstrated that ATF4 is involved in oncogenic process.
What are 2 possible effects responses to cell signaling?
The initiation of a signaling pathway results in a cellular response to changes in the external environment. This response can take many different forms, including protein synthesis, a change in cell metabolism, cell division and growth, or even cell death.
How is ATF4 translated?
Translational Expression of ATF4 Depends on eIF2 Phosphorylation. Translational expression of ATF4 is significantly induced in response to phosphorylation of eIF2 that occurs in response to cellular stress.
How do I stop cell signaling?
One method of terminating or stopping a specific signal is to degrade or remove the ligand so that it can no longer access its receptor. One reason that hydrophobic hormones like estrogen and testosterone trigger long-lasting events is because they bind carrier proteins.
What is the difference between an enhancer and an activator?
An enhancer is a DNA sequence that promotes transcription. Activators bound to the distal control elements interact with mediator proteins and transcription factors. Two different genes may have the same promoter but different distal control elements, enabling differential gene expression.
What is the role of ATF3 in the pancreas?
ATF3 is involved in glucose metabolism in a variety of organs and tissues, including the pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, hypothalamus, and heart. Several studies investigating the physiological roles of ATF3 in the pancreas have been carried out.
Is ATF3 an adaptive-response gene?
A strong body of evidence shows that ATF3 is an adaptive-response gene and that its expression is increased by numerous signals, including those triggered by genotoxic agents, cytokines, cell death-inducing agents, and physiological stresses ( 5, 11, 19, 23 ).
What is the function of the pancreas in inflammation?
Pancreatitis is inflammation in the pancreas. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that sits tucked behind the stomach in the upper abdomen. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digestion and hormones that help regulate the way your body processes sugar (glucose).
What are the symptoms & causes of pancreatitis?
Symptoms & Causes of Pancreatitis 1 Acute pancreatitis. People with acute pancreatitis usually look and feel seriously ill… 2 Chronic pancreatitis. People with chronic pancreatitis may not have symptoms… 3 The most common cause of acute pancreatitis is having gallstones. 4 In many cases,…