What is potassium exchange resins?
In general, potassium binders are artificial resins that exchange bound cations (Ca2+ or Na+) for potassium ions in the large intestine. After exchange, the released cation and potassium adhering to the resin are excreted with the faeces.
What is the ion selective membrane used to measure potassium made of?
These electrodes are typical ion exchange resin membrane electrodes, using valinomycin, a potassium ionophore, as the ion carrier in the membrane to provide the potassium specificity.
How does an ion selective electrode work?
The ion-selective electrode works based on the principle of a galvanic cell. The difference in potential between the electrode and the membrane depends on the activity of the specific ion in solution. The strength of the net charge measured is directly proportional to the concentration of the selected ion.
What can I use instead of Kayexalate?
The FDA approved oral sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZS-9), to be marketed as Lokelma, for the treatment of hyperkalemia. The drug seems to work better than sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate), reducing serum potassium levels within an hour and restoring normal levels after about 2 hours in most patients.
What is direct ISE method?
Direct and indirect ion selective electrodes (ISEs) are two methods commonly used in biochemistry laboratories in order to measure the electrolytes such as sodium. In the direct ISE, the sample is not diluted and the results are correct even if the volume of plasma water is modified.
What is the pH electrode?
pH electrodes are analytical sensors for measuring potential of hydrogen (pH), the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity in solution. This is one of the most common laboratory measurements because so many chemical processes are dependent on pH.
What is the difference between cation anion and resin?
Anion resins and cation resins are the two most common resins used in the ion exchange process. The difference between anion and cation resins is that one is positively charged (anion) and the other is negatively charged (cation). cation resins, which attract positive ions with their negative charge.
How do you activate cation resin?
The resin can be recharged by washing it with a solution containing a high concentration of sodium ions (e.g. it has large amounts of common salt (NaCl) dissolved in it). The calcium and magnesium ions migrate from the resin, being replaced by sodium ions from the solution until a new equilibrium is reached.
How do you make an ion-selective electrode?
In order to construct an ion-selective electrode, we would add an inner reference solution to the other side of the membrane. This solution would contain a fixed concentration of the ion of interest, Li+ in this example.
Can ion selective electrodes be used for pH measurements explain?
The most well-known and highly used ion-selective electrode is a pH electrode, which is sensitive toward the H+ ion. A desirable aspect of ion selective electrodes is their ease of use. Using pH electrodes as an example, after appropriate calibration, it is quite trivial to measure the pH of a solution.
What is a potassium selective electrode?
Potassium selective electrodes are a type of ion selective electrode used in biochemical and biophysical research, where measurements of potassium concentration in an aqueous solution are required, usually on a real time basis.
Why can’t potassium be measured with caesium or rubidium?
Although the interference from rubidium or caesium is strong enough to require that these ions be present in much lower concentration than the potassium to be measured, this is not usually a problem in most experiments.
What can interfere with the measurement of potassium concentration?
The most significant interference with measurement of potassium concentration is from the ammonium ion, which in practice is a problem where the ammonium concentration is approximately equal to or greater than the potassium concentration.
What is potassium used for in the body?
Potassium, the second most-abundant cation in the body, performs several important physiological functions, including cellular metabolism, glycogen and protein synthesis, and maintenance of the electrical action potential across cell membranes, especially in the myocardium., Physiologic serum potassium levels range from 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L.