Which process is thought to contribute to the genome concerted evolution?
This process is known as homogenization. Thus, concerted evolution reflects the dynamic balance between mutation and homogenization of a repeat family, with this being overlaid by population genetic processes and natural selection.
What are multigenes?
A multigene family is a group of genes that have descended from a common ancestral gene and therefore have similar functions and similar DNA sequences. A group of related multigene families is sometimes called a supergene family.
What is birth and death evolution?
Birth-and-Death Model of Evolution. In this model of evolution, duplicate genes are produced by various mechanisms, including tandem and block gene duplication, and some of the duplicate genes diverge functionally but others become pseudogenes owing to deleterious mutations or are deleted from the genome (Fig. 1B).
How are paralogs formed?
A Gene Duplication and the 2R Hypothesis. Gene duplication creates paralogs. Susumu Ohno’s seminal book Evolution by Gene Duplication (1970)13 popularized the concept that gene duplication plays an important role in evolution.
How do you describe the phenomenon of concerted evolution?
Concerted evolution. Concerted evolution is a process in which related genes within a species undergo genetic exchange, causing their sequence evolution to be concerted over some period of time.
What’s maker gene?
Its purpose is to allow investigators to independently annotate eukaryotic genomes and create genome databases. MAKER identifies repeats, aligns ESTs and proteins to a genome, produces ab initio gene predictions, and automatically synthesizes these data into gene annotations having evidence-based quality indices.
Are humans polymorphic?
Recent results indicate that the human genome contains another frequent type of polymorphism, copy-number variations (CNVs; Conrad et al., 2010). A CNV is a variation in which a segment of DNA can be found in various copy numbers in the genomes of different individuals.
What is birth death?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The birth–death process (or birth-and-death process) is a special case of continuous-time Markov process where the state transitions are of only two types: “births”, which increase the state variable by one and “deaths”, which decrease the state by one.
What is the difference between orthologs and paralogs?
“By definition, orthologs are genes that are related by vertical descent from a common ancestor and encode proteins with the same function in different species. By contrast, paralogs are homologous genes that have evolved by duplication and code for protein with similar, but not identical functions.”
What is molecular clock dating?
Molecular dating is achieved by assuming the molecular clock hypothesis, i.e., that the rate of change of nucleotide and amino acid sequences is on average constant over geological time. If paleontological calibrations are available, then absolute divergence times of species can be estimated.
What is meant by molecular drive?
Molecular drive is a term coined by Gabriel Dover in 1982 to describe evolutionary processes that change the genetic composition of a population through DNA turnover mechanisms. Concerted evolution can be unbiased, in which case every version has an equal probability of being the one that replaces the others.